Video 1. The four-step TOL mechanism. Sodium channel over-expression, electric field activation, pump blockade, selective osmotic lysis.
The pulsed electric field, visualized.
How the coaxial-ring device activates the over-expressed sodium channels in advanced solid tumor cells.
Video 2. The pulsed magnetic frequency component. Investigational mechanism under 21 CFR Part 312.
How digoxin affects sodium channels in cancer.
A cardiac glycoside in widespread use for heart-rhythm disorders. Repurposed in TOL to block the sodium-potassium ATPase pump that the cancer cell would use to expel sodium and recover.
Video 3. Digoxin and the sodium channel in advanced cancers. Investigational mechanism under 21 CFR Part 312. Not a treatment recommendation. See regulatory.
Target the channel.
Solid tumor cells over-express voltage-gated sodium channels at 10 to 50 times normal density. Healthy adult cells do not. That density gap is the target.
Open the gate.
A non-invasive pulsed electric field opens the cancer cell's sodium channels. Sodium rushes in. Water follows by osmosis.
Block the pump.
A cardiac glycoside (digoxin) loaded to therapeutic steady state inhibits the Na+/K+ ATPase pump the cell would use to expel the sodium. The cell cannot recover.
Rupture the cell.
Osmotic pressure climbs past the cancer cell's membrane capacity. The cell ruptures. Healthy tissue, with sparse channels, recovers without damage.